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Phone Cards Digest » IP telephony http://www.phonecardsdigest.com Phone cards in a nutshell Mon, 02 May 2011 16:27:02 +0000 en hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=3.0.4 VoIP Regulatory Issues http://www.phonecardsdigest.com/2009/08/voip-regulatory-issues_101.html http://www.phonecardsdigest.com/2009/08/voip-regulatory-issues_101.html#comments Mon, 24 Aug 2009 13:47:08 +0000 admin http://www.phonecardsdigest.com/?p=101 LDC DILEMMA
• Political constraints in more developed areas of “bypassing” the incumbent with VoIP and thus regulatory or even criminal restraints of development. Control/loss of intl traffic.
• Tension between graduation of urban areas and commerce to next higher level of global market access and deploying basic access to rural areas—the universal access challenge

REGULATORY CHALLENGE
• Getting the courage to regulate creatively and around the traditional formats
• Encouraging private-municipality partnerships
• Exempting certain regions out of restrictive regulation
• Balancing true consumer needs with investment realities

REGULATORY CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITY

Consider opening telecoms market to VoIP to licensed competitors at least in urban environments and require them to contribute to universal service fund. Good concept with political, technical and economic issues.
- Balancing of interests to access charge regulation, should broadband be outside the regulatory realm?
- Regulatory creativity: partnerships between private enterprise and municipalities; “regions with disability” regulation, etc.
- Provision of Emergency Services: 911 and E911

Source: Greenberg Trauring

]]> http://www.phonecardsdigest.com/2009/08/voip-regulatory-issues_101.html/feed 0 Supporting VoIP Services with a Best-Effort Network http://www.phonecardsdigest.com/2009/08/supporting-voip-services-besteffort-network_95.html http://www.phonecardsdigest.com/2009/08/supporting-voip-services-besteffort-network_95.html#comments Mon, 10 Aug 2009 14:35:30 +0000 admin http://www.phonecardsdigest.com/?p=95 A best-effort network provides just what its name describes – a network that does its best to deliver packets in a timely manner. It is the least complex and costly network approach and is the design most networks use today. Best-effort networks work well for non-sensitive traffic types such as Web browsing and e-mail since delays in these services generally do not significantly impact the user experience.

Best-effort networks leverage Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) technologies such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) to determine paths for routing packets between hosts. IGP protocols use a Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm to build routing tables. The routing engine references these routing tables at each router hop traversed by the packets.

Architects for these networks provide QoS by over-provisioning the links and routers so that network congestion does not introduce unwanted levels of latency, jitter, and packet loss. Overprovisioning a network would appear to be a simple way to provide the necessary level of QoS. However, while this approach requires a significant amount of added bandwidth, it still cannot guarantee service levels in an operational environment. Historically, to provide toll-grade services during predictable periods of network usage, service providers must over-provision bandwidth resources by a factor of between 10:1 and 20:1.

Best-effort networks are not ideal in dealing with temporary or permanent outages. IGP will advertise the outage and initiate a route table reconstruction based on the modified topology. This process is called route re-convergence, and if not designed carefully or optimized, can take seconds to stabilize. Web browsing or e-mail users do not typically notice these seconds. However, route re-convergence can be detrimental to VoIP users in the middle of a conversation, as it impacts both latency and jitter.

Source: Juniper Networks, Inc. White Paper

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